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A plasmid is a circular double-stranded DNA molecule, which necessarily has an origin of replication, so that it can replicate autonomously . over cell multiplication. Plasmids are found in prokaryotic organisms (bacteria) and eukaryotes (including yeasts).
The plasmids used in biomolecular research can be much more complex, and in particular also contain cloning cassettes, which are in fact short sequences recognized by restriction enzymes capable of cutting DNA at the level of these sequences.
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Protein synthesis is the process by which cells make proteins. It occurs in two stages: transcription and translation.
Transcription is the transfer of genetic instructions in DNA to mRNA in the nucleus. It includes three steps: initiation, elongation, and termination. After the mRNA is processed, it carries the instructions to a ribosome in the cytoplasm.
Translation occurs at the ribosome, which consists of rRNA and proteins. In translation, the instructions in mRNA are read, and tRNA brings the correct sequence of amino acids to the ribosome. Then, rRNA helps bonds form between the amino acids, producing a polypeptide chain.
After a polypeptide chain is synthesized, it may undergo additional processing to form the finished protein.
Protein synthesis from
https://humanbiology.pressbooks.tru.ca/.../5-6-protein.../

Different types of mutation-
Molecular genetics made simple - Scientific Figure on ResearchGate. Available from: https://www.researchgate.net/.../Different-types-of... [accessed 12 Feb, 2022]
By Heba Kassem