Technical-Department

𝐇𝐨𝐰 𝐭𝐨 𝐫𝐞𝐚𝐝 𝐜𝐞𝐫𝐚𝐦𝐢𝐜 𝐜𝐚𝐩𝐚𝐜𝐢𝐭𝐨𝐫 𝐯𝐚𝐥𝐮𝐞𝐬?

Knowing the capacitance of an electrolytic capacitor is easy, since this is observed in the component.
However, in ceramic capacitors, capacitance comes in the form of a code, which is mostly 3 digits.

For a quick and easy reading, you should know that the result of all codes will be given in pF.
With that in mind, you must locate the first two numbers from left to right and write them, after locating the third number, �the latter will indicate the amount of zeros that you must add.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐚) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟑𝟎𝟏

As you know you must see the first 2 numbers, for this capacitor it is 30, and the third number is 1, therefore to 30 you add a zero and you will have 300. The final result will always be given at pF, therefore it would be 300 pF.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐛) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟏𝟎𝟏

You must visualize again the first 2 numbers, in this case is 10, and since the third number is 1, add a zero to 10, resulting 100 pF.

𝐟𝐨𝐫 𝐞𝐱𝐚𝐦𝐩𝐥𝐞 𝐜) 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐜𝐨𝐝𝐞 𝟏 .

As there is only one digit and there is not a second and a third, in which the latter indicates the number of zeros, this capacitor will have a value of 1 pF.

I remind you that to convert from pF to nF, it is necessary to divide the amount of pF you have between 1000.

There are Three Types of fiber Cables

Single mode
Multi mode.
plastic optical fiber (POF)


Within these categories, fibers are identified by their core and cladding diameters expressed in microns (one millionth of a meter).
For example e.g. 9/125 micron single mode fiber and 50/125 micron multi mode fiber or 62.5 micron multi mode fiber.
9 micron, 50 micron, 62.5 micron represent the diameter dimension for core
125 micron is the diameter dimension for cladding.



Single Mode cable

Single Mode Cable is a single stand (most applications use 2 fibers) of glass fiber with a diameter of 8.3 to 10 microns that has one mode of transmission. Single Mode Fiber with a relatively narrow diameter, through which only one mode will propagate typically 1310 or 1550nm. Carries higher bandwidth than multimode fiber, but requires a light source with a narrow spectral width. Synonyms mono-mode optical fiber, single-mode fiber, single-mode optical waveguide, uni-mode fiber.
Single Modem fiber is used in many applications where data is sent at multi-frequency (WDM Wave-Division-Multiplexing) so only one cable is needed - (single-mode on one single fiber)
Single-mode fiber gives you a higher transmission rate and up to 50 times more distance than multimode, but it also costs more. Single-mode fiber has a much smaller core than multimode. The small core and single light-wave virtually eliminate any distortion that could result from overlapping light pulses, providing the least signal attenuation and the highest transmission speeds of any fiber cable type.

Single-mode optical fiber is an optical fiber in which only the lowest order bound mode can propagate at the wavelength of interest typically 1300 to 1320nm.

Single Mode cable

Multi-Mode cable

It has a little bit bigger diameter, with a common diameters in the 50-to-100 micron range for the light carry component (in the US the most common size is 62.5um). Most applications in which Multi-mode fiber is used, 2 fibers are used (WDM is not normally used on multi-mode fiber). POF is a newer plastic-based cable which promises performance similar to glass cable on very short runs, but at a lower cost.

Multimode fiber gives you high bandwidth at high speeds (10 to 100MBS - Gigabit to 275m to 2km) over medium distances. Light waves are dispersed into numerous paths, or modes, as they travel through the cable's core typically 850 or 1300nm. Typical multimode fiber core diameters are 50, 62.5, and 100 micrometers. However, in long cable runs (greater than 3000 feet [914.4 meters), multiple paths of light can cause signal distortion at the receiving end, resulting in an unclear and incomplete data transmission so designers now call for single mode fiber in new applications using Gigabit and beyond.
Multi-Mode cable



Plastic optical fiber (POF)

POF (or Polymer optical fibre) is an optical fiber that is made out of polymer. Similar to glass optical fiber, POF transmits light (for illumination or data) through the core of the fiber. Its chief advantage over the glass product, other aspect being equal, is its robustness under bending and stretching. Optical fiber used in telecommunications is governed by European Standards EN 60793-2-40-2011.
Plastic optical fiber (POF)