EASEL CLASSES

Economic Survey 2021-2022.
Fertility rate on decline since 2015, rural areas has more fertility rate than urban areas
The Economic Survey for 2021-22 has revealed that J&K has lowest fertility in the country and there has been a decline of 0.6 percent fertility rate in J&K since 2015-16 when the last survey was conducted.
As per the details of economic survey 2021-22 the fertility rate among uneducated and women belonging to scheduled caste is more as compared to the fertility rate in educated women and women belonging to non-scheduled groups.
It said that the fertility rate in women living in rural areas is more than that of fertility rate in women living in urban areas
"In Jammu & Kashmir, the median age at first marriage is 23.6 years among women age 25-49 years. Twenty-seven percent of women age 20-49 years have never married, compared with 35 percent of men age 20-49,” it said.
"The total fertility rate (TFR) in Jammu & Kashmir is 14 children per woman, which is below the replacement level of fertility. Fertility has decreased by 0.6 children between NFHS-4 and NFHS-5,” the report added.
"The total fertility rate in urban areas, at 1.2 children per woman, and in rural areas, at 1.5 children per woman, are: below the replacement level. Among births in the three years preceding the survey, 5 percent were of birth order four or higher, compared with 12 percent in NFHS-4.”
"The most significant differentials in fertility are by place of residence, caste/tribe, and schooling. At current fertility rates, women with no schooling will have an average of 0.7 more children than women with 12 or more years of schooling. Similarly, other backward caste women will have 0.4 more children than women who are not in scheduled caste/tribe or another backward caste.
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India's monetary policy financially inclusive by design: RBI Deputy Governor Patra.
The country's monetary policy is, by design, financially inclusive and this strategy will result in policy effectiveness and welfare maximisation going ahead, Reserve Bank of India's Deputy Governor Michael D Patra said on Friday.
Financial inclusion appears to have gone up, with the level of the RBI's financial inclusion index rising from 49.9 in March 2019 to 53.1 in March 2020 and further to 53.9 in March 2021, Patra said at an event organized at Indian Institute of Management (IIM), Ahmedabad.
“The evidence is still forming and strong conclusions from its analysis may be premature, but India's monetary policy is, by design, financially inclusive and it will reap the benefits of this strategy in the future...,” he stated.
An economy with all consumers financially included would expect to experience less output volatility due to lower consumption volatility. In an economy with financially excluded consumers, monetary policy has to assign a greater weight to stabilising output, he said.

Patra said going ahead as financial inclusion rises even further in India, consumption volatility as a source of output volatility can be expected to wane.
This will provide headroom for monetary policy to remain focused on minimising inflation volatility, which brings welfare gains for all, he added.
Central banks are integrally involved in policy drives that help in expanding financial inclusion as they have to take into account the true financial structures of the economies where they conduct monetary policy, he further mentioned.

RBI presented the monetary policy on December 8 and again they have kept the repo rate and reverse repo rate unchanged. Citing the need to support the economy, RBI governor Shaktikanta Das announced what many experts had maintained: that the central bank will leave rates unchanged, especially given the looming threat of Omicron variant of the Covid virus.

MPC has been given the mandate to maintain annual inflation at 4 per cent until March 31, 2026, with an upper tolerance of 6 per cent and a lower tolerance of 2 per cent.
Observing that economy is slowly recovery from brief hiatus, the Governor said, some of the high frequency indicators reflect recovery.