This DAY IN History

18th November

ON THIS DAY IN 1963, THE FIRST PUSH-BUTTON TELEPHONE WENT INTO SERVICE

The concept of the use of push-buttons in telephony originated around 1887 with a device called the micro-telephone push-button, but it was not an automatic dialing system as understood later.
This use even predated the invention of the rotary dial by Almon Brown Strowger in 1891.
The Bell System in the United States relied on manual switched service until 1919, when it reversed its decisions and embraced dialed, automatic switching.
Although push-button touch-tone telephones made their debut to the general public in 1963, the rotary dial telephone still was still common for many years.
It began to gradually fade in the 1980’s and ultimately faded between the late 1990s and early 2000s.

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16th November

ON THIS DAY IN 2005 , FOLLOWING A 31 YEAR WAIT, AUSTRALIA DEFEATED URUGUAY IN A PENALTY SHOOTOUT TO QUALIFY FOR THE 2006 FIFA WORLD CUP IN GERMANY

Australia had to qualify through the playoffs.

The Aussies put up a five-star all-round performance in “Group F” and advanced to the round of 16 as second placed team in the group behind defending World Champions Brazil and ahead of Croatia and Japan.

Australia’s very first game at the 2006 World Cup finals was against Japan on the 12th of June 2006 at the Fritz-Walter-Stadion in Kaiserslautern.

The Socceroos trounced Japan 3-1 before losing to Brazil 2-1 at the Alianz Arena in Munich before forcing Croatia to a 2-2 draw at the Mercedes Benz Arena in Stuttgart on 22nd June.
In the round of 16 Australia almost upset the applecart as they stretched eventual winners Italy throughout the entire 120 minutes of the game, Fabio Grosso needed a moment of brilliance as Italy won 1-0 deep into extra time.
They returned home to Sidney as heroes.

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15th November

ON THIS DAY IN 2020, LEWIS HAMILTON WON THE TURKISH GRAND PRIX AND SECURED HIS SEVENTH DRIVERS' TITLE, EQUALLING THE ALL-TIME RECORD HELD BY MICHAEL SCHUMACHER

Formula One is the highest class of open-wheeled auto racing defined by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), motorsport's world governing body.
The "formula" in the name refers to a set of rules to which all participants and cars must conform.
The F1 World Championship season consists of a series of races, known as Grands Prix, held usually on purpose-built circuits, and in a few cases on closed city streets.
The World Drivers' Championship is presented by the FIA to the most successful F1 driver over the course of the season through a points system based on individual Grand Prix results.
Michael Schumacher and Lewis Hamilton hold the record for the most World Drivers' Championships, both having won the title on seven occasions.
Juan Manuel Fangio is third with five titles
Schumacher also holds the record for the most consecutive drivers' titles with five between the 2000 and the 2004 seasons.
Nico Rosberg has the highest number of Grand Prix starts before winning his first title, a period of 206 Grands Prix between the 2006 Bahrain and the 2016 Abu Dhabi Grands Prix.
Sebastian Vettel is the youngest winner of the World Drivers' Championship; he was 23 years and 134 days old when he won the 2010 championship.

As of the 2020 season, out of the 770 drivers who started a Grand Prix, there have been 33 F1 World Drivers' Champions.
The first F1 World Drivers' Champion was Giuseppe Farina in the 1950 championship and the current title holder is Hamilton in the 2020 season.

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14th November

ON THIS DAY IN 1979, US PRESIDENT JIMMY CARTER ISSUED EXECUTIVE ORDER 12170, FREEZING ALL IRANIAN ASSETS IN THE UNITED STATES IN RESPONSE TO THE IRAN HOSTAGE CRISIS

Executive Order 12170 was issued by American president Jimmy Carter on November 14, 1979, ten days after the Iran hostage crisis had started.
The executive order, empowered under the International Emergency Economic Powers Act, ordered the freezing of all Iranian government assets held within the United States.
The release of the US hostages, as well as the unfreezing of Iranian assets and establishing arbitration for resolving claims on both sides was negotiated in the Algiers Accords; the accords were signed on the last full day of the Carter administration and assented to by the incoming Reagan Administration.
The order was first declared on 14 November 1979 (EO 12170).
At least 11 executive orders were based on this emergency state.
The emergency, which was renewed in 2023 for the 44th time, is the "oldest existing state of emergency."
The renewal of the emergency state with respect to Iran was equal to continuation of non-nuclear US sanctions against Iran.
By 2014, this state of emergency was among 30 others which US was dealing with.
According to Gregory Korte of USA Today, this state of emergency gives "extra ordinary powers" to the president to "seize property, call up the National Guard and hire and fire military officers at will," since it is declared by executive order.
The language of such declarations are "nearly apocalyptic," according to the USA Today. Although bound by law to review the emergence declarations, Congress provides little "oversight" on them, said Korte.
By 2016 (the year the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action was implemented), some of the executive orders issued pursuant to the declared national emergency were terminated.
However, the situation was extended by President Barack Obama for an additional year, as he believed that US relations with Iran had not yet returned to normal, and the process of implementing the agreements with Iran, dated Jan. 19, 1981, Algiers Accords, had not been fully implanted.
"Despite the historic deal to ensure the exclusively peaceful nature of Iran's nuclear program, certain actions and policies of the Government of Iran continue to pose an unusual and extraordinary threat to the national security, foreign policy, and economy of the United States," wrote Obama in his letter to the Congress.
Most of the U.S. sanctions against Iran are legally originated from this state of emergency.
This renewal meant that "non-nuclear US sanctions against Iran will remain in effect for at least another year."
On November 6, 2017, President Donald Trump extended the national emergency for another year and wrote a letter to Congress.

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