Fedcito Technology PWD.

Understanding Database Architecture!

Database-as-a-Service (DBaaS) is a PaaS component that simplifies the use of databases by improving developer agility, DBA productivity, application reliability, performance and security. An overview of DBaaS architectures can be found in this article.

DBaaS solutions deliver this value proposition through the following.
1. Standardized abstractions and unified APIs.
2. Stateless components for a scalable, stable and reliable service.
3. Implement database capabilities for scalability and availability.
4. Automation that improves safety and security.

Let us now look at each of these in turn.

Standardized abstractions and unified API’s
Databases typically offer programmatic and command line interfaces for a variety of activities like installation, configuration, management, and query processing (sometimes also called DDL and DML). Even databases that offer ‘standards-based’ interfaces vary widely in their individual implementations leading to a very wide variety of abstractions and API’s.
It is hard to master many different databases, and for this reason many IT organizations seek to standardize on one. Yet, with databases, a “one-size-fits-all” approach does not work, and developers legitimately require the use of a number of different database technologies in their applications.
Yet, no matter what database one wishes to use, there are numerous popular operations that are common to all of them. Consider for example, the operation of creating a database instance; one needs to do this no matter whether it is MySQL, MongoDB or Redis. Similarly, changing a configuration parameter is something one often does to any database. While the details of how each operation is performed is different, the semantics for both are very similar.
A DBaaS solution standardizes these and offers a common API to both of them; a mechanism that is database agnostic. Consider this example for creating a database instance in Amazon RDS.
https://rds.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/
?Action=CreateDBInstance
&AllocatedStorage=15
&DBInstanceClass=db.m1.large
&DBInstanceIdentifier=myawsuser-dbi01
&Engine=MySQL
[…]
Most databases require you to specify how much space you need, and some information about the machine. This is standardized in the CreateDBInstance call using the various parameters shown above, and the Engine parameter decides what kind of database you want; you could choose from among MySQL, MariaDB, Oracle, … and many other common database technologies.
As you can clearly see, this common abstraction hiding the details of the database specific steps that are required to actually launch an instance, will dramatically improve the productivity of a developer, and the agility of the DBA.
The modern DBA – learn how to remain relevant in the age of DBaaS.

Stateless components allow for a scalable, stable, and reliable service
An important aspect of operating a reliable service that is scalable is ensuring that it is not monolithic in design. Monolithic systems tend to be mostly “totally operational” or “totally down” and most often involve downtime even for simple maintenance. Loosely coupled, largely stateless systems typically provide smaller failure domains. They and also tend to be both scalable and elastic while offering better uptime during regular maintenance activities. Finally, they also provide better overall uptime characteristics in the face of failures.
Well designed DBaaS systems tend to adopt a stateless, loosely coupled architecture, with efficient message passing to produce a scalable, stable and reliable service. Different functions are isolated into their own servers. These servers provide an external API (API Service), policy management (Policy Manager), configuration management (Configuration Manager), reporting and events, and interfaces with the underlying infrastructure (Orchestration).
In a stateless architecture like the one depicted above, each component can be scaled individually. Message passing allows the components to reside on different virtual, or physical machines to provide service resiliency. Individual services can be upgraded independent of each other, and where persistent data is maintained, it is strictly versioned. A service designed in this manner can be highly available and scalable, with no single points of failure.

Implement database capabilities for scalability and availability
Different database technologies offer different methods for delivering scalability and availability and these solutions are broadly classified into replication and clustering. This involves operating multiple database servers and/or partitioning the data amongst those servers to improve query performance and ensure that the system as a whole remains responsive during transient outages. These techniques are analogous to RAID for storage.
Operating replication or clustering leaves absolutely no room for error. DBaaS systems ensure that databases are properly configured and that the health of the replica or the cluster is constantly monitored. They also include mechanisms for automated self-healing that detect a problems and automatically take corrective actions.
DBaaS systems abstract away the underlying complexities and expose simple database-agnostic APIs for managing complex topologies. Consider, for example, the following single API call which allows you to provision an Aurora cluster in AWS.
https://rds.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/
?Action=CreateDBCluster
&DBClusterIdentifier=sample-cluster
&Engine=aurora
&MasterUserPassword=
This single API call provisions a managed, self-healing, and scalable cluster. The DBA is freed up to focus on optimizing schema and queries, and application performance while leaving the system to handle the finer details of the cluster.
Another very popular example of this mechanism is the creation of a read-replica. Regardless of whether one is addressing a MariaDB, MySQL or PostgreSQL database, the same API call CreateDBInstanceReadReplica will create a read replica.
https://rds.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/
?Action=CreateDBInstanceReadReplica
&DBInstanceIdentifier=mysqldb-rr
&SourceDBInstanceIdentifier=mysqldb
Check out this guide: IaaS, PaaS and SaaS – The Good, the bad and the Ugly.

Automation improves safety and security
The illustrations above show how automation improves developer agility and DBA productivity, but it doesn’t stop there.
DBaaS systems also provide automation around other common database management activities like upgrades and patch management.
Consider again the case of the CreateDBInstance API call that allows a requestor to specify a MonitoringInterval, a PreferredBackupWindow, and a PreferredMaintenanceWindow. The DBaaS will continually monitor the database instances at the specified frequency, and schedule automated maintenance activities within the assigned windows.
Database backups sometimes affect performance. Scheduling backups during a low period of activity is a good way to balance data integrity with application performance. Similarly, some database operations may degrade performance or require downtime so DBaaS also can schedule these operations within assigned maintenance windows.
In the case of clustered databases, the DBaaS will arrange for failovers to route queries to active servers while other servers are updated/upgraded. Through this automation, a DBaaS can perform rolling upgrades and perform major updates with little or no downtime.
The activities involved here are not necessarily complex but it is essential that they are performed in a strictly orchestrated manner, in a specific order, and without missing any steps. When managing a fleet of hundreds or thousands of databases, it is practically infeasible to do this in a cost effective way, without automation.
Upgrades are sometimes required for an operating system regardless of the database being operated. These updates are sometimes require specific versions of a database software or changes to specific configuration parameters. These too are virtually impossible to manage without automation.
After creating a database parameter group (using CreateDBParameterGroup), a DBA could update it with specific parameters that were required for some database instance(s) as shown below.
https://rds.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/
?Action=ModifyDBParameterGroup
&DBParameterGroupName=mydbparametergroup01
&Parameters.member.1.ApplyMethod=immediate
&Parameters.member.1.ParameterName=binlog_cache_size
&Parameters.member.1.ParameterValue=65536
This operation would cause all database instances within the specified parameter group to see an immediate change for the configuration parameter ‘binlog_cache_size’ to 65,536. Consider for an instant the enormous benefit of a system like this when a DBA is responsible for hundreds or thousands of database instances.

Conclusion
Databases are complex, high maintenance, and demanding for those who must administer them. Without automation in the form of DBaaS, developer agility and DBA productivity can be severely impacted. As we have shown above, DBaaS solutions enhances productivity while also improving application reliability, scalability, performance and security.
IT organizations can reap the benefits of a DBaaS through the use of hyper-converged solutions that encapsulate DBaaS software tuned for optimum database performance.

DBA. IkeGod Cito.

In the Oracle Database 12c: New Features for Administrators Ed2 course, you’ll learn about the new and enhanced features and options of Oracle Database 12c. Expert instructors will teach you how these features and options increase security, manageability and performance

Learn To:

1. Manage the Oracle multitenant container databases and pluggable databases.
2. Configure Heat Map and use Automatic Data Optimization.
3. Benefit from Online Datafile Move.
4. Understand the new Temporal capabilities as well as In-Database Archiving with Row-archival.
5. Enforce security with the Unified Auditing, the new administrative privileges, Privilege Analysis, and Data Redaction.
6. Increase SQL performance with the Database In-Memory option, and Full Database In-Memory Caching and the Automatic Big Table Caching features.
7. Benefit from optimizer enhancements such as Adaptive Ex*****on Plans and SQL Plan Directives, Real-Time ADDM and Compare Period ADDM.
8. Use enhanced features of Resource Manager in multitenant container databases and pluggable databases.
9. Understand how and when to use enhancements in Data Pump, partitioning, and SQL.

>>Benefits to You

Ensure fast, reliable, secure and easy to manage performance. Optimize database workloads, lower IT costs and deliver a higher quality of service by enabling consolidation onto database clouds.

>>Hands-on Practices and Demonstrations

Hands-on practices and available demonstrations help you learn how to use these new or enhanced features of Oracle Database 12c. You'll explore using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control and other tools like Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Express SQL Developer to manage, monitor and administer your data center. You will also learn about performance new features of the first patchset of Oracle Database 12c: Full Database In-Memory Caching, the In-Memory Column Store which is one of the most important features of the 12.1 first patchset, and Automatic Big Table Caching.

Required skills!!!
For a role in database management, employers will be looking for you to have the following:
Strong analytical and organisational skills
Eye for detail and accuracy
Understanding of structured query language (SQL)
Knowledge of 'relational database management systems' (RDBMS), 'object oriented database management systems' (OODBMS) and XML database management systems
Experience with their database software/web applications
The ability to work quickly, under pressure and to deadlines
Up-to-date knowledge of technology and the Data Protection Act
Ability to work well in a fast paced environment, where the technology is constantly changing
Entry requirements
When it comes to qualifications, operational knowledge or experience is seen as very important, but a relevant degree or equivalent can help you enter the industry at a higher position.

Much of the necessary experience required for this type of role can be gained through a previous job in IT support, programming or web development. Alternatively, there are entry routes through graduate training programmes and apprenticeship schemes.
Training
As it’s likely the technology you’ll be using will constantly be changing and upgrading, you’ll have to keep up-to-date with the latest modifications. This can be achieved through on the job training, mentoring and professional development courses.

Depending on the needs of the company, it may be worth looking at courses including: e-skills UK Graduate Professional Development Award, the British Computer Society Certificate, Diploma and Professional Graduate Diploma (options in database systems) and IMIS programmes.

As well as IT skills, you’ll build up a bank of transferable ‘soft skills’. These include communication, time management and customer service skills so that you understand and can communicate well with database users.
Hours and environment

As a database administrator, you’ll typically be working between 9am to 5pm, Monday to Friday. In some organisations, it’s likely you’ll also be scheduled on call in case there are any technical problems outside of these hours. With recent technological advances, this is increasingly being carried out remotely.

If positioned in-house, you'll spend much of your time working from an office at a computer or workstation. If your role involves building databases, you will find yourself working frequently in clients’ offices.
It’s likely you’ll be working closely with other IT professionals, including database designers, system developers, programmers and project managers.
Average salary

As an entry level database administrator, you'll probably be earning between £22,000 and £26,000 a year.

After three years of experience this will rise significantly to £30,000 to £35,000. Those with a decade or more of experience are known to earn up to £50,000. More than 65% of all database administrator positions are in London and the South East, which means salaries will often be above average.

As a database administrator, you'll be responsible for the performance, integrity and security of a database. However, depending on the organisation and your level of responsibility, the role can vary from inputting information through to total management of data.

Different businesses will have different database needs and diverse requirements. In hospitals for example, databases will record patient information, whilst private companies are more likely to store customer details, sales records and more. This information is used to structure and organise the business, deliver target marketing and services and design business strategies.

Depending on your level of responsibility, typical tasks may include:
Assisting in database design
Updating and amending existing databases
Setting up and testing new database and data handling systems
Monitoring database efficiency
Sustaining the security and integrity of data
Creating complex query definitions that allow data to be extracted
Training colleagues in how to input and extract data
Increasingly, the role of a database administrator is defined by the particular processes and capabilities of the database management system in place.

However, the work you do will greatly assist other members of the organisation, including analysts, programmers and IT managers who all require reports to collate information for planning, reference and communications purposes.

When it comes to what sector to work in, there is a huge range of choice. You could work as a database administrator for schools and universities, the National Health Service (NHS), central and local government departments, financial institutions, retail businesses, manufacturing firms, and IT and computer companies offering database solutions. As the vast majority of organisations depend heavily on data and information collated through business activities, your role will be critical to its success in any field or sector.
Opportunities

Unlike many areas in the IT industry, there isn’t a particular path of career progression within database administration. It will depend largely on the size and type of organisation you choose to work for.

In many cases, you can become a database specialist. This is becoming increasingly common due to the popularity of interactive, web-based databases. An advantage of being a specialist is being able to move towards freelance, self-employed or consultancy work, which can offer more variety, freedom and diversity.

It is also possible to progress from a junior role as a network administrator to become a manager, or branch into another area of IT, like systems development, network management or project management.

Notice to Anyone who has interest on Oracle Database.
In the Oracle Database 12c: New Features for Administrators Ed2 course, you’ll learn about the new and enhanced features and options of Oracle Database 12c. Expert instructors will teach you how these features and options increase security, manageability and performance

Learn To:

Manage the Oracle multitenant container databases and pluggable databases.
Configure Heat Map and use Automatic Data Optimization.
Benefit from Online Datafile Move.
Understand the new Temporal capabilities as well as In-Database Archiving with Row-archival.
Enforce security with the Unified Auditing, the new administrative privileges, Privilege Analysis, and Data Redaction.
Increase SQL performance with the Database In-Memory option, and Full Database In-Memory Caching and the Automatic Big Table Caching features.
Benefit from optimizer enhancements such as Adaptive Ex*****on Plans and SQL Plan Directives, Real-Time ADDM and Compare Period ADDM.
Use enhanced features of Resource Manager in multitenant container databases and pluggable databases.
Understand how and when to use enhancements in Data Pump, partitioning, and SQL.
Benefits to You

Ensure fast, reliable, secure and easy to manage performance. Optimize database workloads, lower IT costs and deliver a higher quality of service by enabling consolidation onto database clouds.

Hands-on Practices and Demonstrations

Hands-on practices and available demonstrations help you learn how to use these new or enhanced features of Oracle Database 12c. You'll explore using Oracle Enterprise Manager Cloud Control and other tools like Oracle Enterprise Manager Database Express SQL Developer to manage, monitor and administer your data center. You will also learn about performance new features of the first patchset of Oracle Database 12c: Full Database In-Memory Caching, the In-Memory Column Store which is one of the most important features of the 12.1 first patchset, and Automatic Big Table Caching.

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