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4.4 GRAPHICS IN PYTHON USING TURTLE
Introduction to Turtle
Turtle is a Python module used to create drawings, shapes, patterns and designs on the screen. It works by moving a virtual pen called a turtle using simple commands.
Turtle helps beginners learn programming through visual output. Instead of printing only text, it can draw shapes, patterns, and pictures.

Features of turtle
Feature Description
Easy Learning Helps learn programming through drawings and graphics.
Fun Learning Makes coding interesting by creating shapes and designs.
Creativity Allows users to create different drawings and patterns.
Easy Error Detection Mistakes can be identified easily by looking at the drawing.
Learn Shapes Helps understand shapes, angles, and positions.
Better Thinking Improves logical thinking by following drawing steps.

Basic Structure of a Turtle Program

import turtle
Meaning: Imports the Turtle module so Turtle commands can be used.
Simple Explanation: Python cannot draw by itself. This command loads the Turtle library.
Without it: Turtle programs will not work.

import turtle as t
Meaning: Imports the Turtle module and gives it a short name (t).
Simple Explanation: Instead of writing turtle every time, we can write only t.

screen = turtle.Screen( )
Meaning: Creates a drawing window where the turtle can move and draw.
Simple Explanation: It opens a blank screen or canvas for drawing.
Used for:
• Changing background color
• Setting window size
• Changing window title
• Detecting keyboard and mouse actions

pen = turtle.Turtle( )
Meaning: Creates a turtle object and stores it in the variable pen.
Simple Explanation: This creates the drawing turtle that will move and draw on the screen.

turtle.done( )
Meaning:
Keeps the Turtle graphics window open until it is closed manually.
Simple Explanation:
Stops the program from closing immediately after drawing.

Without done(), the window may close immediately after the drawing finishes. Humans do enjoy spending ten minutes drawing a square only to watch the window vanish instantly. 🐢

turtle.mainloop( )
Meaning:
Keeps the Turtle window open and waits for user actions.
Simple Explanation:
It allows the program to keep running until the user closes the window.
Uses
• Keeps the window open
• Waits for keyboard or mouse events
• Prevents the program from ending immediately

🐢 Important Turtle Commands
1. Turtle Motion Commands
Turtle motion commands are used to move the turtle on the screen. The turtle can move forward, backward, left, and right while drawing.
Command Definition Syntax Example
forward() / fd() Moves the turtle forward by a specified distance. forward(distance) pen.forward(100)
backward() / bk() Moves the turtle backward by a specified distance. backward(distance) pen.backward(50)
right() / rt() Turns the turtle clockwise by a specified angle. right(angle) pen.right(90)
left() / lt() Turns the turtle anticlockwise by a specified angle. left(angle) pen.left(90)
________________________________________
2. Shape Command
Command Definition Syntax Example
circle() Draws a circle with a specified radius. circle(radius) pen.circle(50)

3. Color and Style Commands
These commands are used to change the appearance of drawings.
Command Definition Syntax Example
color() Changes the pen color. color(color_name) pen.color("red")
fillcolor() Sets the fill color of a shape. fillcolor(color_name) pen.fillcolor("yellow")
pensize() Changes the thickness of the drawing line. pensize(size) pen.pensize(5)
speed() Controls the drawing speed of the turtle. speed(value) pen.speed(0)

Speed Values
0 – Fastest , 1 – Slowest , 3 – Slow , 5 – Medium , 10 - Fast

4. Pen Control Commands
These commands control whether the turtle draws while moving.
Command Definition Syntax Example
penup() Lifts the pen so movement does not draw lines. penup() pen.penup()
pendown() Places the pen down so movement draws lines. pendown() pen.pendown()
Example
pen.penup()
pen.forward(100)

pen.pendown()
pen.forward(100)
The first movement draws nothing. The second movement draws a line.

5. Position Commands
These commands control the turtle's position on the screen.
Command Definition Syntax Example
goto() Moves the turtle to a specific coordinate (x, y). goto(x,y) pen.goto(100,50)
home() Returns the turtle to the starting position (0,0). home() pen.home()

Direction Coordinate Value
Right Positive X (+X)
Left Negative X (-X)
Up Positive Y (+Y)
Down Negative Y (-Y)
📌 The center of the Turtle screen is (0,0).

6. Fill Commands
These commands are used to fill shapes with color.
Command Definition Syntax Example
begin_fill() Starts filling a shape with color. begin_fill() pen.begin_fill()
end_fill() Ends filling and fills the shape. end_fill() pen.end_fill()

7. Text Command
Command Definition Syntax Example
write() Displays text on the screen. write(text) pen.write("Hello Python")
Example
pen.write("Welcome to Turtle Graphics")

8. Screen Commands
Command Definition Syntax Example
clear() Removes all drawings from the screen. clear() pen.clear()
reset() Clears the screen and returns the turtle to the starting position. reset() pen.reset()
hideturtle() Hides the turtle cursor. hideturtle() pen.hideturtle()
showturtle() Displays the turtle cursor. showturtle() pen.showturtle()
bgcolor() Changes the screen background color. screen.bgcolor(color) screen.bgcolor("lightblue")
turtle.done() Keeps the Turtle window open. turtle.done() turtle.done()

9. Shape Command
pen.shape("turtle")
Definition : The shape() function is used to change the appearance of the turtle cursor.
Syntax
pen.shape("turtle")
Common Shapes
Shape Example
"arrow" Default arrow cursor
"turtle" Turtle shape
"circle" Circle shape
"square" Square shape
"triangle" Triangle shape
"classic" Classic turtle cursor

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Modules, Packages & Libraries in PYTHON

4.3 Concept of Module, Library and Packages in Python