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General Information regarding DIABETES@

.Stem Cell
These are undifferentiated cells that have the potential to become a variety of blood cells. They initially become:
Myeloid Stem Cells
Lymphoid Stem Cells
Dendritic Cells (via various intermediate cells)


Myeloid Stem Cells
Myeloid stem cells become:

Megakaryocytes that produce platelets
Reticulocytes become:
Red Blood Cells (RBCs)
Promyelocytes become:
Monocytes – Macrophages
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Mast Cells
Basophils


Lymphoid Stem Cells
Lymphoid Stem Cells travel to the thymus gland and differentiate into:

B lymphocytes (B cells) (mature in the bone marrow) that differentiate into:
Plasma Cells
Memory B Cells
T lymphocytes (T cells) (mature in the thymus) that differentiate into:
CD4 cells (T helper cells)
CD8 cells (Cytotoxic T Cells)
Natural Killer Cells


Megakaryocytes

Large cells
Big lobulated nucleus
Produce platelets
Platelets are essential for blood clotting


Reticulocytes

Immature red blood cells
Remnant RNA material called reticulum in cytoplasm
Released from bone marrow
Normally 1% of red blood cells are reticulocytes
Higher percentage indicates rapid turnover of blood, such as in:
Acute blood loss
Haemolysis
Loose their reticulum after a few days – becoming:


Red Blood Cells (RBCs)

RBCs contain large quantities of haemoglobin, and carry oxygen from the lungs to the tissues
They survive about 3 months


Macrophages

Monocytes circulate the blood stream
Enter tissues and differentiate into macrophages
Live in most tissues in the body
Have “Toll-Like Receptors“
Recognise “Pathogen-associated molecular patterns” (PAMPs)
Kill pathogens and abnormal cells by phagocytosis
Release cytokines that initiate the inflammatory response
Activate the other cells of the immune system


Neutrophils

Circulate through the blood and lymphatic system
Migrate to areas of inflammation
Kill pathogens and abnormal cells by phagocytosis


Eosinophils

Important in responding to parasites
They normally sit waiting in tissues
Contain granules