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You Carried Me Through: My Bar Exam Testimony

There are moments in life that once felt impossible, until God turns them into testimony. Passing the Bar was one of those moments. There were nights filled with anxiety and days heavy with pressure. Stress became constant. Doubt whispered often. There were silent battles no one saw, the tears, the overthinking, the fear of not being enough. I came from broken circumstances....

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📘 SUITS AGAINST ENTITIES WITHOUT JURIDICAL PERSONALITY 🚫🏛️

⚖️ General Rule (Rule 3, Sec. 3):
Only natural or juridical persons (or those authorized by law) can sue or be sued.
👉 Unregistered groups or centers = no legal personality.

🔑 Applications:

TESDA v. Abragar (2021): Training center under MOA (TESDA + LGUs) had no personality → must sue the actual parties (TESDA, LGU, coop).

Real party-in-interest rule: Always sue the person/entity who truly stands to win/lose.

⚠️ Corporation by Estoppel (Sec. 21, Corp Code):
If a group pretends to be a corporation and contracts as such → it may be sued as if it were one.
👉 Exception to prevent injustice.
👉 But no estoppel if no misrepresentation.

🔧 Remedies:

Court may strike out improper parties.

Plaintiff may amend complaint to implead those with real capacity (e.g., members, officers, coops).

😂 Funny Hack:

If you sue a “non-existent” entity → it’s like suing a ghost 👻.

Court will tell you: “Sue the real people, not the phantom.”

Unless they pretended to be legit → then estoppel traps them 👀.

📢 BAR TIP:
If exam asks: “Can you sue an unregistered group?” → Answer = No. Sue the actual persons/entities.
👉 Exception: Corporation by estoppel if they misrepresented themselves.

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