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Umar was buried in Dair Sim’aan near Hims, Syria. Umar bin Abdul Aziz followed Abu Bakr and other Rashidun Caliphs, who did not spend a single farthing from the Bayt al-Mal to cover their personal expenses. He died because of the illness after he was poisoned by his servant.

Here is the last sermon delivered by Umar II to the people in Khunasirah (Southeast of Aleppo). After completing his sermon, Umar II began to cry and sob, causing the people around him to break into tears. He said:

"Fear God before death descends and its appointed times expire. I swear by God that I say these words to you knowing that I myself have committed more sins than any of you; I, therefore, ask God for forgiveness and I repent."

"I swear by God that had I wanted something else, namely, affluence, then it would have been easy for me to utter the word, aware as I am of the means for obtaining this. But God has issued an eloquent Book and a just example (sunnah) by means of which He guides us to obedience and proscribes disobedience."

Read the full sermon here:
https://fiveminthistory.com/on-this-day/caliph-umar-bin-abd-al-aziz-dies/

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29 January 1258, on this day, Hulagu's army started the siege of Baghdad.

In 1258 Mongols under the command of Hulagu Khan sacked Baghdad, destroying the House of Wisdom, the leading library in the ultimate intellectual center of the Arab world.

The House of Wisdom, founded in the eighth century, contained countless precious documents accumulated over five hundred years. Survivors said a large number of books were thrown into the river that the waters of the Tigris ran black with ink; others said the waters were red from blood.

A depiction of Baghdad city during 1200 AD

During Shah Jahan's reign, the Mughal Empire reached the zenith of its cultural glory and grandeur. Taj Mahal and Moti Masjid (Pearl Mosque) of Agra and Jama Masjid and the Red Fort of Delhi are few of the best examples of his architectural achievements.

The famous Peacock Throne (Takht e Taus) was also commissioned by Shah Jahan. It was the richest and most extravagant throne the world has ever seen, made of pure gold and precious stones and surmounted by a lavish, jewel-studded enamel canopy supported by twelve emerald pillars.

"Who was he (Shah Jahan)? As the epitome of Mughal grandeur, he sits, larger than life, gilded and glittering, in the dead centre of Mughal history - literally and figuratively. The grandiose vestiges of his reign are still there to be admired; the imprint he has left on Indian history, art and architecture is indelible; he is, quite literally, impossible to overlook or ignore. Yet, for all his conspicuousness, he very much remains an enigma", writes Dirk Collier.

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Manto was a daring writer. Some of his masterpieces include Thanda Gosht, Khol Do, Toba Tek Singh etc. He was tried several times for obscenity and was sentenced to 3 months imprisonment and 300 fines in Pakistan. Later, he was awarded their highest civilian award ‘Nishan-e-Imtiyaz’.

Manto was originally born in Sambarala, Ludhiana, British India on May 11, 1912, but he moved to Pakistan after the partition. His father's name was Maulvi Ghulam Hussain and he was a judge by profession. He was born of his father’s second wife.

The Second Anglo Afghan War, Kandahar, 1880 (c).

Drummer Roddick defending his officer during the Battle of Kandahar. After taking part in Major-General Frederick Roberts' famous march from Kabul to Kandahar in August 1880, the 92nd Highlanders were immediately sent into action in order to relieve the besieged garrison. During the subsequent fight, Lieutenant Menzies, on hearing voices on the other side of a locked door, shot the lock open.

Immediately a shot came from inside the room, wounding the lieutenant. Drummer Roddick, the closest soldier to Menzies, drew his claymore and stood over the officer while a group of Afghans rushed through the door.

Roddick fought them off until a second soldier arrived, thus allowing Menzies to be carried to safety.

© National Army Museum