TVP Weekly

How do we know what Latin sounded like in Caesar’s mouth? Did Caesar pronounce /c/ or /k/? The traditional pronunciation was developed and handed down over many centuries of teaching Latin. It is most similar to the mediaeval pronunciation, based on the Frankish variant of Latin from the 9th century. But wasn’t Cicero actually pronounced “Kikero”? – asks prof. Kinga Paraskiewicz, director of the Institute of Oriental Studies at the Jagiellonian University.

Half the world similarly names mothers, fathers, numerals, and has common vocabulary related to... the wheel Did there exist one proto-language for all of us, like one primaeval father Adam?

Finland faces a hybrid migratory attack from Russia. It is a vivid reminder of what has been happening on the borders of Belarus with Poland, Lithuania and Latvia since 2021, even though for the time being the scale of events seems much smaller.

Hybrid Winter War. Migrants on the Russian-Finnish border The Kremlin's bicycle offensive

In the Polish language, instead of "vivandierka", the concept of "markietanka" (a female sutler or victualer) has survived. It appears, for example, in "Pan Tadeusz" - in the original version of the epic poem by Adam Mickiewicz and in the film adaptation by Andrzej Wajda. Here is young Tadeusz Soplica - trying to cool Telimena's matrimonial zeal and ready to follow him "everywhere; every corner of the world" – and saying the line: "How come? […] Have you lost your mind? Where? Why?/Follow me? I am a simple soldier myself, / Should I be a tramp or drag a female sutler/"markietanka"? This statement is significant as it shows that although going to war in the company of one's wife was not unthinkable at that time, it was a rather unusual phenomenon. The vast majority of men - voluntarily or as part of conscription – performed their military services alone. Sometimes, they could be accompanied by servants – only if finances allowed it – and again, they were of the same gender.

Somosierra and women. Stories from the times of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw Maria Walewska wrote to Napoleon about the battle. He replied: "You can be proud."

The ancient Olęder customs have survived in villages many thousands of kilometres to the east of Poland rather than in our country.

Russian-speaking, Polish-praying Their German surnames became a problem after 1941 – they were treated as slaves.