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Teaching | development | innovation
02/06/2026
π SQL Interview Series #10 β What are Aggregate Functions in SQL?
Aggregate Functions are used to perform calculations on a set of values and return a single result. They are essential for summarizing and analyzing data in SQL.
πΉ COUNT() β Returns the number of rows
πΉ SUM() β Returns the total sum of values
πΉ AVG() β Returns the average value
πΉ MIN() β Returns the smallest value
πΉ MAX() β Returns the largest value
π Example Use Cases:
β
Count total orders
β
Calculate total revenue
β
Find average sales
β
Get highest and lowest values
β
Generate business reports and analytics
π‘ Remember:
Aggregate Functions summarize data and return a single value. When combined with `GROUP BY`, they can calculate results for each group instead of the entire dataset.
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π SQL Interview Series #10 β Aggregate Functions αααα»α SQL ααΊααΆα’αααΈ?
Aggregate Functions ααΊααΆαα»αααΆααααααααΎαααααΆααααααΆααΎαααα»ααα·αααααααα½α α αΎααααα αΆααααααααααα½αα
πΉ COUNT() β ααΆααα
ααα½α Rows
πΉ SUM() β ααΌαααα»ααααααααΆααα’αα
πΉ AVG() β ααααΆαααααααααα
πΉ MIN() β αααααααααΌα
αααα»α
πΉ MAX() β ααααααααααααα»α
π α§ααΆα αααααΆαααααΎααααΆααα
β
ααΆααα
ααα½α Order ααα»α
β
ααααΆααααΆααα
αααΌαααα»α
β
ααααΆααΆααααααΆααααα
β
αααααααααααααααα»α αα·αααΆααααα»α
β
αααααΎααααΆαααΆααα αα·ααα·ααΆααα·αααααα
π‘ ααΆαα
αΆαα
Aggregate Functions ααααΎαααααΆαααααααααα·αααααα αα·ααααα αΆααααααααααα½αα αα
αααααααΎααΆαα½α `GROUP BY` ααΆα’αΆα
ααααΆαααααααααααΆαααααα»αααΈαα½ααααΆαα
29/05/2026
SQL Interview Series #5 β WHERE vs HAVING
Understanding the difference between WHERE and HAVING is essential for writing efficient SQL queries.
β
WHERE
Filters rows before grouping and aggregation.
Cannot be used with aggregate functions like COUNT(), SUM(), or AVG().
Helps reduce the dataset before processing.
β
HAVING
Filters grouped results after GROUP BY.
Designed for conditions involving aggregate functions.
Useful when you need to filter summarized data.
π Remember:
WHERE = Row-level filtering
HAVING = Group-level filtering
Mastering when to use each clause will help you write cleaner, faster, and more scalable SQL queries.
SQL Interview Series #5 β ααΆααα»αααααΆαααΆα WHERE αα·α HAVING
ααΆααααααΉαααΈ WHERE αα·α HAVING ααΊααΆααΌαααααΆαααααΆαααααααΆααααΆαααααα SQL Query α±ααααΆαααααα·αααααΆαα
β
WHERE
ααααΎαααααΆαα Filter αα·ααααααααΆαααααΆαα Row αα»ααααααααΎ Grouping α¬ Aggregationα
αα·αα’αΆα
ααααΎ Aggregate Functions ααΌα
ααΆ COUNT() , SUM() α¬ AVG() ααΆαααα
αα½αααΆααααααααα·αααααααα»αααα Database ααααΎαααΆαα
β
HAVING
ααααΎαααααΆαα Filter αααααααααααΆααααΈ GROUP BYα
α’αΆα
ααααΎααΆαα½α Aggregate Functions ααΆαα
ααΆααααααααΆααααΆααααα½ααα·αα·ααααααααααααααΆααααααααα½α
α
π ααΆαα
αΆαα
WHERE = Filter ααΆα Row
HAVING = Filter ααΆα Group
ααΆαααααΎαααααΎ Clause ααααΉαααααΌα ααΉαααααΎα±αα Query ααααα’αααααΆαααΆαααα’αΆα ααΏα αα·αααΆαααααΆααα
ααα Project ααΆααααααα
28/05/2026
π NestJS Middleware & Dependency Injection
NestJS middleware fully supports Dependency Injection (DI).
Just like controllers and providers, middleware can inject services and dependencies from the same module through the constructor.
β
Cleaner architecture
β
Reusable business logic
β
Better scalability
β
Easy service access inside middleware
π NestJS Middleware αα·α Dependency Injection
NestJS middleware ααΆαααα Dependency Injection (DI) ααααααα
ααΌα
ααΆ controller αα·α provider ααα middleware α’αΆα
inject service α¬ dependency ααΈ module ααΌα
ααααΆααΆαααΆαααα constructorα
β
αααα
α code ααΆαααα’αΆα
β
Reusable business logic
β
ααΆααααα½α scale project
β
α’αΆα
ααααΎ service αα
αααα»α middleware ααΆα
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