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02/06/2026

πŸš€ SQL Interview Series #10 β€” What are Aggregate Functions in SQL?

Aggregate Functions are used to perform calculations on a set of values and return a single result. They are essential for summarizing and analyzing data in SQL.

πŸ”Ή COUNT() β†’ Returns the number of rows
πŸ”Ή SUM() β†’ Returns the total sum of values
πŸ”Ή AVG() β†’ Returns the average value
πŸ”Ή MIN() β†’ Returns the smallest value
πŸ”Ή MAX() β†’ Returns the largest value

πŸ“Œ Example Use Cases:
βœ… Count total orders
βœ… Calculate total revenue
βœ… Find average sales
βœ… Get highest and lowest values
βœ… Generate business reports and analytics

πŸ’‘ Remember:
Aggregate Functions summarize data and return a single value. When combined with `GROUP BY`, they can calculate results for each group instead of the entire dataset.

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πŸš€ SQL Interview Series #10 β€” Aggregate Functions αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ SQL αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž’αŸ’αžœαžΈ?

Aggregate Functions αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž˜αž»αžαž„αžΆαžšαžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαž›αžΎαžŸαŸ†αžŽαž»αŸ†αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž˜αž½αž™ αž αžΎαž™αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™αŸ”

πŸ”Ή COUNT() β†’ αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“ Rows
πŸ”Ή SUM() β†’ αž”αžΌαž€αžŸαžšαž»αž”αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž‘αžΆαŸ†αž„αž’αžŸαŸ‹
πŸ”Ή AVG() β†’ αž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž˜αž’αŸ’αž™αž˜
πŸ”Ή MIN() β†’ αžšαž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαžαžΌαž…αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž
πŸ”Ή MAX() β†’ αžšαž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαž’αŸ†αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž

πŸ“Œ αž§αž‘αžΆαž αžšαžŽαŸαž€αžΆαžšαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαžŸαŸ‹αŸ–
βœ… αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αž“αž½αž“ Order αžŸαžšαž»αž”
βœ… αž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαž”αŸ’αžšαžΆαž€αŸ‹αž…αŸ†αžŽαžΌαž›αžŸαžšαž»αž”
βœ… αž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαž€αžΆαžšαž›αž€αŸ‹αž‡αžΆαž˜αž’αŸ’αž™αž˜
βœ… αžšαž€αžαž˜αŸ’αž›αŸƒαžαŸ’αž–αžŸαŸ‹αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž αž“αž·αž„αž‘αžΆαž”αž”αŸ†αž•αž»αž
βœ… αž”αž„αŸ’αž€αžΎαžαžšαž”αžΆαž™αž€αžΆαžšαžŽαŸ αž“αž·αž„αžœαž·αž—αžΆαž‚αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™

πŸ’‘ αž„αžΆαž™αž…αžΆαŸ†αŸ–
Aggregate Functions αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αžŸαž„αŸ’αžαŸαž”αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™ αž“αž·αž„αž”αž„αŸ’αž αžΆαž‰αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αžαŸ‚αž˜αž½αž™αŸ” αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž›αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ `GROUP BY` αžœαžΆαž’αžΆαž…αž‚αžŽαž“αžΆαž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αŸ’αžšαž»αž˜αž“αžΈαž˜αž½αž™αŸ—αž”αžΆαž“αŸ”

29/05/2026

SQL Interview Series #5 β€” WHERE vs HAVING

Understanding the difference between WHERE and HAVING is essential for writing efficient SQL queries.

βœ… WHERE

Filters rows before grouping and aggregation.
Cannot be used with aggregate functions like COUNT(), SUM(), or AVG().
Helps reduce the dataset before processing.

βœ… HAVING

Filters grouped results after GROUP BY.
Designed for conditions involving aggregate functions.
Useful when you need to filter summarized data.

πŸ“Œ Remember:

WHERE = Row-level filtering
HAVING = Group-level filtering

Mastering when to use each clause will help you write cleaner, faster, and more scalable SQL queries.
SQL Interview Series #5 β€” αž—αžΆαž–αžαž»αžŸαž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαžšαžœαžΆαž„ WHERE αž“αž·αž„ HAVING

αž€αžΆαžšαž™αž›αŸ‹αžŠαžΉαž„αž–αžΈ WHERE αž“αž·αž„ HAVING αž‚αžΊαž‡αžΆαž˜αžΌαž›αžŠαŸ’αž‹αžΆαž“αžŸαŸ†αžαžΆαž“αŸ‹αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαžŸαžšαžŸαŸαžš SQL Query αž±αŸ’αž™αž˜αžΆαž“αž”αŸ’αžšαžŸαž·αž‘αŸ’αž’αž—αžΆαž–αŸ”

βœ… WHERE

αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹ Filter αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž‡αžΆαžšαŸ€αž„αžšαžΆαž›αŸ‹ Row αž˜αž»αž“αž–αŸαž›αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎ Grouping ឬ AggregationαŸ”
αž˜αž·αž“αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ Aggregate Functions αžŠαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆ COUNT() , SUM() ឬ AVG() αž”αžΆαž“αž‘αŸαŸ”
αž‡αž½αž™αž€αžΆαžαŸ‹αž”αž“αŸ’αžαž™αž‘αž·αž“αŸ’αž“αž“αŸαž™αž˜αž»αž“αž–αŸαž› Database αžŠαŸ†αžŽαžΎαžšαž€αžΆαžšαŸ”

βœ… HAVING

αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹ Filter αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αž”αž“αŸ’αž‘αžΆαž”αŸ‹αž–αžΈ GROUP BYαŸ”
αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎαž‡αžΆαž˜αž½αž™ Aggregate Functions αž”αžΆαž“αŸ”
αžŸαžΆαž€αžŸαž˜αžŸαž˜αŸ’αžšαžΆαž”αŸ‹αž€αžΆαžšαžαŸ’αžšαž½αžαž–αž·αž“αž·αžαŸ’αž™αž›αž‘αŸ’αž’αž•αž›αžŠαŸ‚αž›αž”αžΆαž“αžŸαž„αŸ’αžαŸαž”αžšαž½αž…αŸ”

πŸ“Œ αž„αžΆαž™αž…αžΆαŸ†αŸ–

WHERE = Filter តអម Row
HAVING = Filter តអម Group

αž€αžΆαžšαž‡αŸ’αžšαžΎαžŸαž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ Clause αžαŸ’αžšαžΉαž˜αžαŸ’αžšαžΌαžœ αž“αžΉαž„αž’αŸ’αžœαžΎαž±αŸ’αž™ Query αžšαž”αžŸαŸ‹αž’αŸ’αž“αž€αž˜αžΆαž“αž—αžΆαž–αžŸαŸ’αž’αžΆαž αž›αžΏαž“ αž“αž·αž„αž„αžΆαž™αžαŸ‚αž‘αžΆαŸ†αž“αŸ…αž–αŸαž› Project αž€αžΆαž“αŸ‹αžαŸ‚αž’αŸ†αŸ”

28/05/2026

πŸš€ NestJS Middleware & Dependency Injection

NestJS middleware fully supports Dependency Injection (DI).

Just like controllers and providers, middleware can inject services and dependencies from the same module through the constructor.

βœ… Cleaner architecture
βœ… Reusable business logic
βœ… Better scalability
βœ… Easy service access inside middleware

πŸš€ NestJS Middleware αž“αž·αž„ Dependency Injection

NestJS middleware αž‚αžΆαŸ†αž‘αŸ’αžš Dependency Injection (DI) αž–αŸαž‰αž›αŸαž‰αŸ”

αžŠαžΌαž…αž‡αžΆ controller αž“αž·αž„ provider αžŠαŸ‚αžš middleware αž’αžΆαž… inject service ឬ dependency αž–αžΈ module αžŠαžΌαž…αž‚αŸ’αž“αžΆαž”αžΆαž“αžαžΆαž˜αžšαž™αŸˆ constructorαŸ”

βœ… αžšαŸ€αž”αž…αŸ† code αž”αžΆαž“αžŸαŸ’αž’αžΆαž
βœ… Reusable business logic
βœ… αž„αžΆαž™αžŸαŸ’αžšαž½αž› scale project
βœ… αž’αžΆαž…αž”αŸ’αžšαžΎ service αž“αŸ…αž€αŸ’αž“αž»αž„ middleware αž”αžΆαž“

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