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Monkeypox is caused by the monkeypox virus, which is a member of the Orthopoxvirus genus. The disease can be transmitted to humans through several routes:

1. **Animal to Human Transmission**: Monkeypox is primarily a zoonotic disease, meaning it can be transmitted from animals to humans. This typically occurs through direct contact with the bodily fluids, lesions, or blood of infected animals, which can include rodents and primates.

2. **Human to Human Transmission**: The virus can spread between humans through respiratory droplets, direct contact with lesions or bodily fluids of an infected person, or through contaminated materials such as bedding or clothing.

3. **Environmental Exposure**: Humans can also contract the virus through exposure to contaminated environments, such as areas where infected animals are found or where the virus may have been present.

Preventive measures include avoiding contact with wild animals, practicing good hygiene, and following health guidelines during outbreaks.