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Knowledge Graphs over Two Decades
From web-scale extraction to LLM-augmented intelligence

Xia Luna D**g

This paper traces the evolution of knowledge graphs across three generations: entity-based knowledge graphs (KGs), text-rich KGs, and the emerging convergence of KGs and large language models. The boundary between symbolic and neural knowledge continues to blur, leading to a new era of flexible, context-aware knowledge systems.

Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have powered a wide range of applications, from web search to personal assistants. They have evolved over three generations: entity-based KGs, which support general search and question answering (e.g., Google, Bing); text-rich KGs, which enhance product recommendations, biomedical discovery, and other domain applications (e.g., Amazon, Alibaba); and the emerging convergence of KGs and large language models (LLMs), called dual neural knowledge.

This article analyzes the defining characteristics of each generation, the underlying methods for knowledge integration and extraction, and the technical innovations that have driven their industrial impact. As LLMs advance machine understanding of natural language, the boundary between symbolic and neural knowledge continues to blur, leading to a new era of flexible, context-aware knowledge systems with transformative potential for both research and industry.

Knowledge Graphs over Two Decades - ACM Queue This paper traces the evolution of knowledge graphs across three generations: entity-based knowledge graphs (KGs), text-rich KGs, and the emerging convergence of KGs and large language models. The boundary between symbolic and neural knowledge continues to blur, leading to a new era of flexible, con...

Everything Sysadmin

GitOps: A Path to More Self-service IT
(IaC + PR = GitOps)

- Thomas A. Limoncelli

GitOps lowers the cost of creating self-service IT systems, enabling self-service operations where previously they could not be justified. It improves the ability to operate the system safely, permitting regular users to make big changes. Safety improves as more tests are added. Security audits become easier as every change is tracked.

GitOps: A Path to More Self-service IT - ACM Queue You've written a new web application and would like it to be added to your organization's web load balancer. The load balancer is complex; its configuration is maintained by highly trained experts on the network operations team. You file a ticket with the team, wait, wait, wait, have a discussion wi...