The Nurse Learnersguide

ACUTE RENAL FAILURE

DEF: Acute renal failure is the sudden loss of the ability of the kidneys to remove waste and concentrate urine without losing electrolytes.

SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS

Oedema due to water retention

Mental confusion, nausea, vomiting and hiccup due to Uremia

Oliguria which may last 4 to 10 days( may progress to Anura)

Pruritis due to accumulation of end products of metabolism

Dry skin and mucus membranes due to dehydration

Cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac arrest due to an increase in potassium

Breath may have odor of urine due to urea

SURFACES OF THE PLACENTA

It has two surfaces

1. THE MATERNAL SURFACE
The maternal surface, blood gives this surface a dark red colour.
The surface is arranged in about 16- 20 lobes ( cotyledons) which are separated by grooves or SULCI( Furrows)

2. THE FETAL SURFACE

The amnion covering the fetal surface gives it a white shinny appearance.

NURSING care Tips

1. Actual problem

Problem

Acute pain

Nursing diagnosis
Acute pain related to inflammation evidenced by facial expression or verbalization

AIM

Patient will be relieved of pain within 30minutes of hospitalisation

NURSING interventions

I will access the level of pain from the scale of 0 to 1, 0 to 4 being mild, 5 moderate 8 to 10 being severe.

I will provide diversion therapy such as giving the patient a newspaper of a book to read in order to divert attention to pain

I will admister prescribed analgesic such as paracetamol to block transmission of pain impulses thereby relieving pain

SURGERY
NURSING DIAGNOSIS OF PATIENT WITH ORAL DISORDERS ( e.g oral cancer)

1. Impaired oral mucous membrane related to pathologic condition, infection or trauma

2. Imbalanced nutrition,less than body requirements related to inability to ingest adquate nutrients

3. Disturbed body image related to a physical change in appearance resulting from the disease/condition or Trauma

4. Fear of pain & social isolation related to disease or change in physical appearance

5.Risk of infection related to reduced immunity secondary to treatment plan.

MENTAL RETARDATION
This is a disorder in which a person's overall intellectual functioning is well below average,with an intelligence quotient (IQ) around 70 or less.

DEGREE OF SEVERITY
1. MILD RETARDATION
(IQ range 50-55 to about 70

2. MODERATE RETARDATION
(IQ range 35-40 to 50-55)

3. SEVERE RETARDATION
(IQ range 20-25 to 35-40)

4. PROFOUND RETARDATION
( IQ level below 20-25)

CAUSES OF MENTAL RETARDATION

1. Genetic
2. Disorders that occur as the fetus develops during pregnancy
3.Problems during pr after birth

3.pr

Nursing care problems for Laryngo-tracheal bronchitis (CROUP)

1. ineffective airway clearance.
2. Ineffective breathing pattern.
3. Altered thermoregulation.
4. Altered nutrition less than body requirements.
5. Risk of fluid volume deficit.